Addressing the adding situation – Matt Godbolt

Summary

Addressing the adding situation Written by me, proof-read by an LLM. Details at end. Yesterday we saw how compilers zero registers efficiently. Today let’s look at something a tiny bit less trivial (though not by much): adding two integers. What do you think a simple x86 function to add two ints would look like? An add, right? Let’s take a look! Probably not what you were thinking, right? x86 is unusual in mostly having a maximum of two operands per instruction. There’s no add instruction to add edi to esi, putting the result in eax. On an ARM machine this would be a simple add r0, r0, r1 or similar, as ARM has a separate destination operand. On x86, things like add are not result = lhs + rhs but lhs += rhs. This can be a limitation, as we don’t get to control which register the result goes into, and we in fact lose the old value of lhs. So how do compilers work around this limitation? The answer lies in an unexpected place - the sophisticated memory addressing system of the x86. Nearly every operand can be a memory reference - there’s no specific “load” or “store”; a mov can just refer to memory directly. Those memory references are pretty rich: you can refer to memory addressed by a constant, relative to a register, or relative to a register plus an offset (optionally multiplied by 1, 2, 4 or 8). Something like add eax, word ptr [rdi + rsi * 4 + 0x1000] is still a single instruction! Sometimes you don’t want to access the memory at one of these complex addresses, you just want to calculate what the address would be. Sort of like C’s “address-of” (&) operator. That’s what lea (Load Effective Address) does: it calculates the address without touching memory. Why is this useful for addition? Well, if we’re not actually accessing memory, we can abuse the addressing hardware as a calculator! That complex addressing mode with its register-plus-register-times-scale is really just shifting and adding - so lea becomes a cheeky way to do three-operand addition. The compiler ...