Journey to Optimize Cloudflare D1 Database Queries

Summary

Journey to Optimize Cloudflare D1 Database Queries Recently, I've been working on server-side projects using Cloudflare Workers with D1 database. During this process, I encountered several database-related challenges. Since databases are quite unfamiliar territory for frontend developers, I decided to document my experiences. The image below shows the request records for the past 30 days, revealing dramatic fluctuations in database queries. Solving problems begins with identifying them. Here are several methods that helped me spot issues: Monitoring the D1 dashboard to detect anomalies in database operations Examining query statements and row read/write counts, with special attention to queries with high counts or rows read/written Using c.env.DB.prepare('<sql>').run()).meta to check the returned metadata, which reveals how many rows were actually read/written for each query It's important to understand that while Workers and D1 are both Cloudflare services, using them together doesn't make D1 faster. For example, a simple query like this has an average response time exceeding 200ms: await db.select().from(user).limit(1) When an endpoint includes multiple database operations, it's best to use D1 batch operations, especially for write operations which are even slower than queries due to lack of read-only replicas. For instance, instead of: await db.insert(user).values({...}) await db.insert(tweet).values({...}) Use batch operations: await db.batch([ db.insert(user).values({...}), db.insert(tweet).values({...}) ]) This approach requires only a single REST request to D1 to complete multiple database write operations. Note 1: Prisma doesn't support D1 batch operations, which led me to switch to Drizzle. Note 2: Be cautious when using batch for multiple queries, particularly when tables have columns with identical names. Excluding IDs from Update Operations When updating records, it's important to exclude the ID field (even if it remains unchanged). Consider this code: a...